The history of Russia is closely connected with the history of the Eastern Slavs and has been documented since 862. The small Moscow principality has become a huge empire thanks to the expansive conquests of the Russian tsars in the last millennium. Due to the fact that it includes a large and only very sparsely populated Siberia, the population density is very low. The majority of Russia's population is located in the European part.

The vastness of Russia, the rich its offer of natural attractions and attractive places. In addition, there are many monuments that are related to the Russian tsars and their lives, as well as with many important world-renowned artists - architects, composers, writers, painters, etc.

Earlier, under the former regime, it was said: you were not in Russia and you are not 60, so you can not advise. And the fact that someone was in Russia already means that he saw and perhaps understood what was not and is not obvious to many. It has been and still is the result of the enormous contrasts that exist in this country. It is a nuclear power wwhat has the first astronaut, and yet many people are struggling in bad circumstances and asking for the president’s help, just as poor people once asked the tsar for help.

## Basic information

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Tourist visa

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The weather is suitable for travel all year round

All year round

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Rubl

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Tickets from CZK 4,000

## Why go to Russia

A guide to Russia has as difficult a role as a guide to the United States or China. Simply put - everything is too much. The visitor should think about what he wants to see - he just wants to get an overview, or go through the selected places in more detail? Anyone who has never been to Russia should start with the first option above - visit the most important cities, the most important and famous monuments and then decide what else he would like to see. There are a lot of them.

## The capital of Russia

The capital and most important city of Russia is Moscow. Moscow is located on the Volga River in the European part of Russia and is the seat of the Russian president, government and many world cultural institutions. There are many universities, the headquarters of all major Russian companies and representations of almost all world business companies. The visitor will find a lot of interesting cultural monuments, museums, galleries, but also a lot of opportunities to have fun, eat and drink as well.

## States of Russia

Russia is a federal republic, the individual entities are republics, regional regions, federal cities and autonomous regions.

List of republics:

- Adygea
- High
- Bashkortostan
- Burjatsko
- Dagestan
- Ingushetia
- Kabardsko-Balkarsko
- Kalmycko
- Karachayevsk-Cherkessk
- Karélie
- Komi
- Marijsko
- Mordvinsko
- Sacha
- North Ossetia-Alania
- Tatarstan
- Tuva
- Udmurtsko
- Chakasie
- Chechnya
- Chuvash

Republics in their current form were established as territorial units that more or less covered the living space of a national minority. Their origin is enshrined in the Russian constitution, which guarantees them the right to their own official language, parliament and constitution. Other entities of the Russian Federation are determined rather administratively, regardless of ethnic composition.

## Flag of Russia

The current form of the flag is from 1993. It has 3 stripes of the flag -from the top white - blue - red, which represent stability, peace and energy ..

## Population of Russia

Russia has a population of over 146 million. Russians make up 80% of the population. Other minority populations are: Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Chechens, Armenians, Avars, Mordvinians, Kazakhs and Germans.

## Holidays in Russia

- January 1 to 5 - New Year's holidays are
- January 7 - Orthodox Christmas
- February 23 is the holiday of the Day of Defense of the Fatherland,
- March 8, International Women's Day,
- May 1 Labor Day,
- May 9 Victory Day over fascism
- June 12 National Day
- November 4 Unity Day

## Russian sign

The red field shows a golden double-headed eagle with three crowns, an apple and a scepter, which has a white rider on a white shield who kills the dragon.

## Time shift

There are 10 time zones in Russia, because the country is quite large and the longitude range is 171 °, which corresponds to a time difference between the easternmost and westernmost tip of the territory of 11.4 hours. However, the time of the zones is not precisely determined by the time zone, due to its respective longitude, and is generally ahead of it, sometimes by up to two hours. Compared to England, it is, for example, 3 hours more than in Moscow.

## Currency of Russia

The national currency in Russia is the ruble, which has 100 kopecks. Current coins have values of 1, 5, 10, 50 kopecks and 1, 2, 5 and 10 rubles.

Banknotes are printed in denominations of 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 rubles. 5 and 10 ruble banknotes are being phased out and replaced with coins of the same denomination.

## Prices in Russia

Prices vary in different parts of Russia, usually slightly cheaper or like ours. Moscow is very expensive. Fish and vegetables are cheap at the market. However, prices are very volatile due to the unstable exchange rate. In Russia, we find cheaper food than in our country, but clothes or drugstores cost the same.

## Visa to Russia

To enter and stay in the territory of a foreign state, citizens of the United Kingdom must meet the conditions stipulated by its laws. The embassy of the given state is competent to communicate the current conditions of entry and residence in the territory of a foreign state. The following information is for basic reference. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the United Kingdom therefore recommends that United Kingdom citizens check with the embassy of the visited state before the trip whether the conditions for entry and residence have not changed. More information on the ministry's website

<https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/russia/entry-requirements>

You’ll need to get a visa from the Russian Embassy before you travel. Processing times are up to 20 business days for standard service or up to 3 business days for urgent service depending upon the visa category applied for and the application itself.As part of the visa application process, all applicants based in the UK aged 12 or over will need to visit a visa application centre to submit biometric data (scanned fingerprints). These are located in London, Manchester and Edinburgh. The Russian government requires biometric fingerprinting from all foreign nationals, including British nationals, when entering Russia. Of course, tourist and travel visas can also be arranged online, for example via website <https://travelrussia.su/en/> <https://visatoruss.com/>, where you will also find other information that you can obtain Visas need to be documented.

## Interesting facts about Russia

- Russia is 1.5 million km2 larger than Pluto
- 9 million more women than men live here
- At the narrowest point, Russia is only 4 km away from the USA
- Russia washes a total of 13 different seas
- 77% of Russia's area is Siberia

## Security

In Russia, there is much more crime than us. In real life, however, you don't feel that much. You don't have to worry much. If you don't like a place, don't go there. In every foreign country, you need to be a little more cautious. Locals do not react negatively to tourists. They will rather not notice you or try to help you. It is generally known that Russia drinks a lot of alcohol. So if you come across a drunk Russian, avoid him and do not enter into a debate with them.

Towards the countryside, crime and the risk of robbery are falling sharply.

## Important contacts

**Where to call in case of emergency in Russia?**

- Fire brigade: 01
- Police: 02
- Rescue service: 03
- Gas leak report: 04
- In Russia, there is a universal first aid number 112, which you can also agree on
  English. However, if you call a specific service, help will be faster.

Russia's **telephone code is +7**

**Contacts at the British Embassy in Moscow:**

**Address:**

```txt
Ambassador: Deborah Bronnert CMG,  Smolenskaya Naberezhnaya, 10, Moscow, Rusko, 121099
```

Phone: +7 495 956-72-00

Further contacts can be found at <https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-moscow.ru>

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## Typical dishes of Russian cuisine

Soups have always played a major role in Russian cuisine. Traditional Russian soups were from 18.-20. century added by European Central Asian types of brown soups, clear soups, sauces and many others.

Russian soups can be divided into seven groups:

- Cold soups based on yeast
- Light soups and sauces based on water and vegetables
- Noodle soups with meat, mushrooms and milk
- Cabbage soups
- Thick soups based on meat and sweet and sour base
- Fish soups
- Soups based on grains and vegetables

### Borsch

Russian borsch is the most famous Russian soup, based on beets, cabbage, beef and pork. Nowadays, there are several types of recipes for how to prepare borscht in combination with various types of meat, vegetables or supplemented with sour cream.

Bořšč is very good for warming the body and nourishes it for a long time.

Historic food of Russian and Ukrainian national cuisine.

### Russian eggs

Russian eggs are a type of dish that is part of a cold kitchen.

As the name suggests, the dish will include eggs, which are combined with either potato or walnut salad, supplemented with ham. Russian eggs in aspic are also known, when Russian eggs are actually supplemented with gelatin.

### Russian steak

Recipe of Russian cuisine. It is a flavored mixture of minced meat in the shape of steaks served in a spicy cream sauce with mushrooms and capers. The side dishes are mostly dumplings.

### Shashlik

Shashliks - Shashlik is a type of kebab, marinated meat grilled on a skewer where
alternates meat with onions. Shashlik is most often prepared from bigger pieces
meat the size of a larger nut, marinated overnight in a mixture of red wine,
vinegar and spices. The meat is pinned up alone or in combination with seasonal vegetables
(in the Caucasus and with fruit) on flat needles (skewers ) and roasted over hot coals,
preferably from birch. The stationary grill for preparing shashlik is called mangal. Roasted
Shashlik is served with strong sauces, green herbs, or
pomegranate grains.

### "Pirohy" or "Pirožky"

Pirohy and pirožky are often confused and we should distinguish these dishes from each other. Pirohy are Central European, crescent-shaped and can be stuffed with anything from cabbage, meat and cheese to fruit. Russian pirožky is the name for stuffed pastries such as cakes or buns. Many people do not distinguish these names from each other, so it is speculated whether they come from Russia or Poland

### Syrniki

Syrniki are basically fried cottage cheese pancakes, which are served with jam, sour cream, honey and apple puree. In Russia, it is also known as Tvorozhniki.

### Pelmeni

Pelmeni is the national food of Russia, but also of neighboring countries.

They are actually meat dumplings, more precisely dough bags stuffed with meat and cooked in water. They are usually made with minced meat filling

The biggest difference between pelmeni and other types of dumplings is in their shape and size - typical pelmeni are crescent-shaped and have a diameter of about 2-3 cm, while most other types are mostly oblong or round and larger.

Pelmeni are prepared from dough, similar to noodle - the dough must be very stiff, even inflexible. Sometimes milk or water is added to it. Pork, lamb, beef or any other meat can be used for the filling; also mixing several species is very popular.

### Soljanka

Solyanka is a traditional Russian-Ukrainian soup from the 17th century. The soup is thick, spicy and also sour. The sour-salty taste is caused by the addition of tomatoes, olives, lemon or cucumbers.

We can find it again in several variants:

- Meat brine (combination of meat, chicken, beef, ham, sausages)
- Fish Soljanka (prepared from sturgeon and salmon, supplemented with lemon juice)
- Mushroom Soljanka (mushroom cabbage dish, which is often eaten as a main course, accompanied by side dishes such as boiled potatoes)

## Food prices in Russia

Today we can get 103 rubles for 1 GBP. Rates change every day. Card payments are commonplace in larger cities. Always have cash with you when you go to the countryside. Russia is one of the destinations where food is much cheaper than in our country. Prices are slightly higher in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but in the countryside or in smaller cities it is cheaper and you will see the difference at a glance.

Russians don't go to restaurants much, and if they go out for food, they're cheaper canteens called "stolovnaja". Here you can eat quickly, cheaply and deliciously, the food tastes like most Russians cooked at home. In Stolovnaja we find mainly traditional dishes. We can eat around GBP 1,5-2 here. If you go to a classic restaurant, you will pay GBP 3-4 for a large portion. If the food is more expensive, the restaurant is more luxurious, but it doesn’t ruin us either, the food costs around £ 5-6, which is still a very good price for us.

Food prices:

- 1kg of apples - 65 RUB, £ 0,8
- 1kg chicken breast - 255 RUB, £ 2,8
- Bread - 35 RUB, £ 1,2
- Butter - 45 RUB, £ 1,5
- Honey - 400 RUB, £ 4,5
- 250g hard cheese - 40 RUB, £ 0,5
- Wine 0.7l - 240 RUB, £ 2,7
- Vodka 0,5l local - 50 RUB, £ 1,7
- Cigarettes, 60-70 RUB, £ 1,3
- Homemade beer 0,5l - 60 RUB £ 0,7
- Mcdonald's menu - 300 RUB, £ 3,4

## Where can you eat well in Russia

You will eat well, quickly and cheaply in the dining room called Stolovnaya. In Stolovnaja we find mainly traditional dishes. We can eat around GBP 1,5-2 here. If you go to a classic restaurant, you will pay GBP 3-4 for a large portion. If the food is more expensive, the restaurant is more luxurious, but it doesn’t ruin us either, the food costs around £ 5-6, which is still a very good price for us.

### Restaurant in Moscow

- Odessa Mama - Ukrainskiy Blvd., 7, Moskva 121059 Rusko
- Rumka Vodki Leps - Petrovka St., 30/7, Moskva Rusko
- LEPIM i VARIM - Mira ave., 26/1, Moskva 129090 Rusko
- Rake Food Bar - Solyanka, 1/2, Moscow Russia
- Stolovaya 57 - Krasnaya Sq., 3 Inside GUM, Moskva 109012

### Restaurant in St. Petersburg

- Cafe Beirut - Stremyannaya St., 11, St. Petersburg 191025 Russia
- Vse Khorosho !! Restaurant & Club - Bukharestskaya St., 31, Petrohrad 192071 Rusko
- Mr. Bo - Manezhny Ln., 2, Saint Petersburg 191014 Russia
- Pelmenya - Reki Fontanki Embankment, 25, Petrohrad 191023 Rusko

Food

## List of airports

- Adler / Sochi
- Anapa
- Archandělsk
- Astrakhan
- Baratajevka
- Barnaul
- Belgorod
- Beloyarsky
- Blagoveschensk
- Bratsk
- Chelyabinsk
- Khabarovsk
- Khanty - Mansiysk
- Gelendzhik
- Gorno Altaysk
- Irkutsk
- Yakutsk
- Jaroslavl
- Ekaterinburg
- Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
- Kaliningrad
- Earn
- Kemerovo
- Kirov
- Kirovsk / Apatity
- Komsomolsk na Amure
- Kotlas
- Krasnodar
- Krasnojarsk
- Lipetsk
- Makhachkala
- Magadan
- Magnitogorsk
- Mineralnye Vody
- Moskva
- Murmansk
- Nalchic
- Naryan-Mar
- Neryungri
- Niznekamsk
- Nizhnevartovsk
- Nizhny Novgorod
- Noril'sk
- Novokuznetsk
- Novosibirsk
- Novy Urengoy
- Omsk
- Orenburg
- Orsk
- Perm
- Saint Petersburg
- Petropavlovsk-Kamchats
- Petrozavodsk
- Rostov
- Salekhard
- Samara
- Solovetsky Islands
- Soviet
- Stavropol
- Surgut
- Syktyvkar
- Tomsk
- Tyumen
- He trusts
- Ulyanovsk
- Vladikavkaz
- Vladivostok
- Volgograd
- Vorkuta
- Voroněž

### List of airports in Moscow

Moscow uses a single MOW code, under which all four airports are available. If we need to get to a specific airport, we need to search for tickets directly under the exact airport name or code.

#### Sheremetyevo (SVO)

The main airport in Moscow and the whole of Russia is Sheremetyevo Airport. It is not the largest airport in Moscow, but the busiest. The city center is 34 km away from the airport.

##### Transport from / to the center

The fastest way to get to the center is the airport train called Aeroexpress (as well as other Moscow airports). The train runs every 30 minutes and takes 45 minutes. A ticket on the spot costs 500 RUB and online 420 RUB. You can take the train to Belarusian Railway Station in Moscow.

For a cheaper option, you can use the bus service, which stops at all terminals. A bus ticket costs RUB 55 and you pay an additional RUB 55 for the metro to get to the center. The total driving time will be around 1 hour and 20 minutes.

#### Domodedovo (DME)

Domodedovo Airport is Russia's largest airport and serves as the main gateway to Moscow from all Russian regions. Domodedovo Airport is home to yS7 Airlines and VIM Airlines. Sheremetyevo Airport dominates international traffic.

Distance from the airport to the center is 45 km.

##### Transport to the center

The fastest way to get to the center is by airport train called Aeroexpress. The station is adjacent to the terminals. Trains run to Pavelecký railway station, from where we can change to the metro. The journey takes about 45 minutes and we pay for it 500 RUB on the spot and 420 RUB when buying a ticket online.

#### Vnukovo (VKO)

It is the smallest Moscow airport, located 33 km southwest of the center. It is used mainly for low-cost airlines. The base at Vnukovo Airport has UTAir and Pobeda air.

The airport is open 24 hours a day.

##### How to get to the city center

The fastest way to get to the center is by Aeroexpress train. You can find the train station directly in the terminal. The train runs to Kiev Railway Station and takes 40 minutes. The train runs between 30 and 60 minutes. The price for a train ride costs RUB 500 on site and RUB 420 online.

A cheaper alternative to get to the center of Moscow is the bus line number 911, which goes to the metro station Salaryevo. Buses run at intervals of 10-15 minutes to the metro from there another hour by metro to the center.

#### Ramenskoe Zhukovsky (ZIA)

Moscow's youngest airport opened in 2015.

Airport transfer - combination of buses and metro (bus no. 441) You can buy a bus ticket directly from the driver or from the bus guide. You can pay both in cash and by card. One subway ride will cost you RUB 55 or you can buy a 24-hour ticket for RUB 218. You can get to the center from the airport in about an hour.

### List of airports in St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg offers one international airport and that is St. Petersburg Pulkovo Airport (LED). Located 23 km south of St. Petersburg, it is the third largest airport in Russia and the main base for Rossiya.

We can get to the center from the airport by bus or train (taxi with a fixed route). All lines run to Moskovskaya Metro Station and the journey to the center takes 45-50 minutes. Bus and metro tickets need to be purchased separately. The bus ticket can be purchased from the driver and the metro ticket directly at the station. We pay about 40 RUB for the bus and 55 RUB for the metro.

The airport is open 24 hours a day and provides us with unlimited wifi connection.

Airports

From the Baltic Sea to the Urals - the European part of Russia - in this part of Russia the winter weather is milder than the rest of the area; The average temperature in winter is around -5 and in summer it is around +23 degrees. South of Moscow, the summer is warmer and much drier, while in the north it is colder and wetter.

## Weather in Moscow

For a visit to Moscow, we choose the summer season. The winter months here are really cold and it is not for nothing that they are called winter like in Russia. In some places, temperatures can reach up to -25 ° C in winter. However, they are usually around -10 ° C. If you love and don't mind winter , this place is for you.

{{< guide-forecast7 code="55d7637d62/moscow" >}}

During the summer holidays you can warm up in Moscow, during this time you will meet a lot of tourists. Summer temperatures here are around 24-27 ° C on average. In the period of May and June there is good weather suitable for hiking, when temperatures are around 20-23 ° C.

## Weather in St. Petersburg

The weather in St. Petersburg is similar to that in Moscow, it's only a few degrees colder.

{{< guide-forecast7 code="59d9330d34/moscow" >}}

Summer temperatures here are around 20-23 ° C on average. In the period from May to June, temperatures are only around 15-20 ° C.

From November to April, cold and gloomy weather dominates here.

## When to fly to Russia

Russia is a large country, so there are several different climatic regions. The weather in northern and central Russia is characterized by a large change in temperature throughout the year. Spring and autumn are a bit colder than in Central Europe. On the other hand, winters are much colder, not only in the north but also in central Russia. In the southeast, ie in the steppe area, the temperatures are very low in winter and very high in summer, when it also rains little. On the Black Sea coast, winters are mild and summers are pleasantly warm. The Siberian region is characterized by very low temperatures in winter, summers are short and with numerous rainfall. The whole of Siberia and the Far East are in the zone of eternal frozen soil.

### Cheapest flights to Moscow

The graph describes the minimum found prices of tickets from London to Moscow and their development by weeks. Additional data on the graph show average day and night temperatures and total precipitation, if data are available. Click on the individual columns in the graph to get more detailed [current data from the search engine](/).

{{% FutureFlightPriceChart
  destination="MOW"
%}}

So you can see which date is best for your departure to Moscow due to the development of the weather in the destination and the current ticket price.

Weather

## Tips for interesting places in Moscow

When visiting Moscow, you should not forget to visit these most famous sights and places:

### Hermitage

The Hermitage is one of the largest museums in Russia. The art collections were founded by Catherine II of Russia in the middle of the 18th century. Due to the large number of sculptures, paintings, porcelain and other types of works in the collections, only some of them are exhibited permanentl, in a total of 350 halls and in six departments. Visitors are drawn here to paintings by Vincent van Gogh, Rembrandt, El Greco and others.

The museum is located in six buildings, including the Winter Palace, the former seat of the Russian emperors, five of which are open to the public.

Admission to the museum is more expensive for foreign visitors than for Russian residents. However, admission is free on the first Thursday of each month and daily for children and students. The museum is not open on Mondays.

### Red Square

Red Square is located in the very center of Moscow. It is a large square, but around which there are almost no residential houses. It is bordered on one side by the Kremlin wall, on the other by the GUM department store. On the other side rises the Orthodox Church of Vasily the Blessed, which was built in the 16th century in honor of the defeat of the Tatars. Everything that ever happened in the 20th century, and where it was necessary for crowds of people to appear, everything took place in Moscow on Red Square. From military parades to public funerals of party and state officials. After all, the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin, the leader of the coup that overthrew the democratically elected government in 1917 and established the dictatorship of the proletariat, is also part of the Kremlin wall. In the days of socialism, a visit to the mausoleum was an integral part of every trip to Moscow, and a line of people snaked in Red Square, under police supervision to wait for their turn to should to bow down to their leader.

### Kremlin

The Kremlin with a capital K means the seat of Russian princes, tsars, parties and governments in the 20th century. It is a castle - one of the largest fortification complexes in the world, in which the rulers of broad Russia issued orders and their followers forced the population to obey them. The Kremlin is currently based in Russia.

The Kremlin is massive and vast. There are many temples in it, such as the Uspensky ensemble, the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, the Archangel Gabriel, the bell tower of Ivan the Great and the museum (Kremlin armory). The tombs of the tsars are located in the Archangel Temple. The whole Kremlin is lined with fortifications, over 2 km long, among the 20 towers is the famous Spasskaya Tower. The famous buildings are the Senate building, the Military Academy and the so-called Congress Palace. Today, the Kremlin is accessible and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

### St. Basil's Cathedral

The Church of Vasily the Blessed is an important monument of Russian architecture and part of the cultural world heritage. It is located on the southeast side of Red Square in Moscow. Its architecture symbolizes Russia's connection with Europe and Asia. The church was built between 1555 and 1560 by order of Ivan the Terrible as a reminder of the victory over the Kazan Khan.

The temple consists of eight more or less separate churches, symbolizing the individual days of the decisive struggle for Kazan. Four of the churches are axial, four others are located between them.

Churches bear Russian names

- Trinity
- Nikolai Velikoretsky
- Entrance in Jerusalem
- Kipriana and Ustiniji
- Trjoch patriarchov Konstantinopolskych
- Aleksandra Svirskovo
- Varlaama Chutyňskovo
- Grigory Arhyonskovo

### Uspenskij soubor

Visitors to Moscow will find this temple in the Kremlin. It is one of the largest and oldest Orthodox churches. It is dedicated to the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was built by the Italian Fioravanti in 1479. The coronations of Russian tsars took place in the temple.

### Temple of Christ the Savior

This temple was built in the 19th century on the site of the demolished Alexeyevsky Monastery in memory of the victory over Napoleon. It has a cross-shaped floor plan of the same shoulder length. The height of the dome with a cross is 103 meters. The temple was a place of coronation, national festivities were held here. It was demolished in the 20th century, but in 2000 it was restored to its original form. Today it is the largest Orthodox church in the world.

### Museum of Cosmonautics

The museum stands on Peace Avenue and was founded in 1981, on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's first flight. On display are parts of spacecraft, construction plans, and personal belongings of astronauts. Among the exhibits, visitors will be interested in, for example, Gagarin's spacesuit, lunochod or the Sputnik model.

### Arbat Street

Arbat is one of the oldest streets in Moscow. At present, there is a little over a kilometer long pedestrian zone that stretches through the historic center. Travelers will find a large number of luxury restaurants, shops and attractions. This place is also associated with a significant number of artists and writers who lived and worked here or in whose work Arbat has a significant place.

### Bolshoi Theatre

Grand Theater - this is one of the most famous opera and ballet performances. The ensemble has housed the ensemble since 1825, and theater performances take place every day. Due to the big interest in the performance, the tickets are often a scarce commodity and it is necessary to order them long in advance.

### Park Pobědy

The visitor will recognize the Park of Victory by the high Victory Column. The whole area lies on the Poklonnaya hill and was built in honor of the victory in World War II. The Victory Museum is also open in the park.

### Moscow Metro

No visitor to Moscow should miss a ride on the Moscow metro. It's about
large transport structure, which includes 180 stations and about 300 km of tracks. Metro
began construction in Moscow in 1932 and its architects were inspired by the underground
runway in London. The first section was opened in 1935. Most of the tracks lead under
countries, some on the edge of the metropolis are above ground. Below the center are tunnels excavated
and stations mostly three-aisled. They are connected to the surface by escalator outputs. IN
sections on the outskirts of the city, the tunnels are excavated and are located shallowly underground.
The decoration of the oldest stations is very flashy, the walls of the stations are lined with decorative stones and large chandeliers are used for lighting.

### Lomonosov University

Lomonosov University is the oldest Russian university. It is located in the Lenin Fields. The university was founded in 1755 and its first rector was the naturalist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Originally, the university had three specializations - philosophy, law and medicine, and students of unborn origin were to be educated there.

At present, the university has 40 faculties and over 30,000 students and another 15,000 students study here. By 2015, 11 undergraduate had won the Nobel Prize.

### Tretyakov Gallery

In the Tretyakov Gallery, visitors will find the largest and most famous collections of Russian fine art. The main building is located south of Red Square and was founded by the merchant Tretyakov in 1856. The gallery exhibits Orthodox icons from the period 11-17. century - for example, the Trinity by Andrei Rublev or the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The paintings of important Russian painters, who captured on their canvases the beauty of the landscape and ordinary people, come from the 19th century. The works of Něstěrov and Rerich date from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Also on view are works of art created after 1917 that celebrate the era of socialism.

### Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts

The Museum of European Art in Moscow is called the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. Those interested will find it near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The building has the form of an ancient temple with an Ionic colonnade along the facade. Thanks to the glass roof, there is plenty of daylight in the exhibition space. There are collections of paintings, sculptures, drawings, applied art, photographs and archeological objects, from antiquity to the 20th century. They were based on a collection of plaster copies of ancient sculptures and mosaics. After the war, part of the collections, obtained as spoils of war, were housed in the museum, some of which were later returned. Priam's treasure, for example, remained here. The museum also has many paintings from the Renaissance, there are also French Impressionists.

### Sights of Russia

Russia is rich in monuments. Among them are mainly church buildings and then palaces and castles, where the rulers of Russia resided. Most monuments are in large cities and their surroundings, others are scattered throughout the landscape - especially where there were summer and other residences of former mocipans. Most of them are beautifully situated in the surrounding landscape and the whole thing looks like they have always belonged there.

### Tsarist village

Tsarskoye Selo is an impressive castle complex, located south of St. Petersburg. It includes Ekaterininsky Court and other smaller buildings, such as the New Alexander Palace. The palaces were built in the 18th century and are set in extensive gardens.

Ekaterininsky (Catherine's) Palace was built on an elevated site. A Baroque work was created here, which the Empress named after her mother Catherine I. The castle has a blue and white façade, decorated with columns and a roof covered with gold leaves. The palace was home to balls, masquerade parties and important state meetings. The visitor will find huge gilded halls, up to 300 meters long. In the south wing are the Great, Lyon, Chinese and Arab Halls, the Silver Room and the Kavalerskaya Dining Room. Other wings include the Amber Room and the Picture Hall, where there are over a hundred canvases by European masters of the 17th and 18th centuries.

The town of Tsarskoye Selo was established in the neighborhood. It is significant that Alexander Pushkin studied here.

### Saint Petersburg

St. Petersburg is the second largest Russian city after Moscow. It was founded at the beginning of the 18th century by Tsar Peter the Great, who built the city on dried up swamps and on more than 40 islands, today connected by bridges. The city was to be a window to Europe. Peter the Great chose the place because of his access to the sea.

Today, St. Petersburg has approximately 5 million inhabitants.

### Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

The Winter Palace was built in the Baroque style in the second half of the 18th century in St. Petersburg. It was originally used as a winter residence of Russian tsars. At the time of its completion, it was the largest and most magnificent building in the city. It has three floors with a colorful facade and is 23.5 meters high, its facade is 200 meters long.

There are over a thousand rooms in the palace, and between them the throne halls, which the tsar used both for important events and audiences. The palace also has several chapels, which are very richly decorated. Other halls include the Military Gallery and the Alexander Hall. Today, the Winter Palace is the main building of the Hermitage collections.

### Petérgof Palace

Czech Petrodvorec. The palace is often called the "Russian Versailles", following the model of the mansion
of French kings. The center is the Baroque Grand Palace, where the Throne Hall attracts visitors. Other buildings in the complex include Monplaisir Palace and Marli Palace.

There are over a hundred fountains in the park. The large cascade consists of a number of fountains, 3 waterfalls and hundreds of statues. In their center is a sculpture of Samson, who kills a lion. Other unique features include the Golden Mountain cascades, the Chess Mountain, the Roman fountains and the Sun fountain. The palace and the park complex covers an area of over 800 hectares.

### The historic center of Novgorod

Novgorod, is an ancient city in western Russia, located southeast of St. Petersburg. It is one of the oldest Russian cities, its history begins in 859. The historical monuments of Novgorod are related to Kievan Rus. In the city we find a lot of ancient buildings, among which the most famous are the Novgorod child and Jaroslav's court.

Novgorod Child, is a castle / Kremlin, standing on a hill above the river. It has the form of an irregular oval, its walls are almost 1.5 km long and are built of stone and brick. Each fortification tower is divided into five to six floors, connected by a wooden staircase. In the area of the castle there are temples and other monuments, important are the Church of St. Sophia from 1050 and temples from the 15th century: Andrei Stratilat and Sergei Radonezhsky. There are also water gates and treasury.

Jaroslavův dvorec is a historic architectural complex in the former market part of the city. There were shops and granaries. Along the river were a number of docks where merchant ships were moored. There are also temples in the courtyard, such as the church of St. Nicholas from 1113, the church of Paraskjeva Pyatnica on the market and the church of St. John the Baptist on marl. In addition to church monuments, there are other important buildings, such as the tower gate and arcades. A few kilometers from the city is the monastery of St. George, which was founded in 1030.

### City of Vladivostok

Vladivostok is located in the Far East, on the Pacific coast, near the border with the DPRK. It is the center of the Primorsky Krai and also the final station of the Trans-Siberian Highway. Its history is relatively short - it was built as a strategic port only in 1860. The city has about 600 thousand. The inhabitants have a special atmosphere and enough interesting places for tourists to stay in it for at least a few days. The main reason is the city center, where there are historic buildings and boulevards. Visitors are interested to the most visited oceanarium, Pokrovsky Park and Mount Eagle's Nest. The monument to Ilja Muromec, the triumphal arch of Prince Nicholas and the Vladivostok Fortress are of historical significance.

### Kolomenskoye Museum

Kolomenskoye is an open-air museum located on the outskirts of Moscow on a hill above the Moskva River. The Temple of the Ascension of the Lord was built here in the 16th century. There are also many other important buildings and an exhibition forest park. In 1923, examples of historical architecture from all over Russia were moved here, and a popular and frequently visited open-air museum was built. The place is a popular destination for trips, various cultural and social events take place here.

## Nature and trips in Russia

Russia offers natural beauty. Those interested in the mountains will go to the Caucasus, those interested in the taiga and huge forests will go to Siberia. Great adventures can be undertaken by those who buy a boat ticket and take a few days away on the river far from the center. They will see the everyday life of farmers, former kolkhoz members and experience the village festivities and the small joys of the villagers.

Many visitors are also attracted by Baikal, the deepest lake in the world.

### Lake Baikal

Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. It is located between the mountain massifs and is surrounded by an inaccessible taiga. Visitors to the lake most appreciate the tranquility and the view of the beautiful scenery. 336 rivers and streams flow into Baikal, there are 27 islands on the lake. 50 species of fish live here.

Lake Baikal is a unique ecological system, which is strictly protected. On its coast lie the towns of Slyadanka, Baikalsk and Babushkin.

### Wrangel Island

Wrangel Island is located in the Arctic Ocean about 140 km from the coast of Russia on the border of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas.

Polar bears, seals, walruses and arctic foxes live here. In summer it occurs here
a lot of bird species. Whales and beluga whale can be seen on the shores of the island. Wrangel's
The island is the last place in the world where until 2500 - 2000 BC
already extinct mammoths survived.

### Daurská Nature Reserve

Daursky is a nature reserve in southeastern Zabaykalsk in eastern Siberia. It was founded in 1987 to protect bird nests. Steppes, wetlands, forests and lakes cover 45,790 ha.

### Kamchatka Peninsula

The Kamchatka Peninsula is located in the Far East and is fish-shaped. It is over 1200 km long (about the same as New Zealand), which means that the climate is very diverse, different on the coast and inland, different in the south and different in the north. Because the peninsula is surrounded by the sea, winters are rich in snow and summer is cold.

The capital is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Most of the peninsula consists of volcanoes, in the middle stretches a large valley through which flows the river Kamchatka and where geysers can be found. There are 29 active volcanoes, the highest of which is Klyuchevskaya, 4750 meters high.

### Trans-Siberian Railway

The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway line in the world. It is 9,288 km long and leads from Moscow to Vladivostok. It was built during the reign of Russian Tsar Alexander III. The journey takes 6 days.

### Island Kurská kosa

The Curonian Spit is a sandy peninsula located at the eastern tip of the Baltic Sea. It is in the shape of a narrow, slightly bent rainbow and separates the Gulf of Kursk from the Baltic Sea. The peninsula is 98 km long and 400 m to 3.8 km wide. Its southern part belongs to Russia, northern Lithuania.

Along the whole scythe rises a number of large sand dunes, 30 to 40 m high. A large part of them is covered with forests.

### Altai Mountains

The Altai are the most beautiful, richest and best-preserved areas of nature in Russia and Siberia.It is a mountain range of very diverse character. The name Altai comes from the Mongolian Altan (gold mountains) - this indicates the presence of gold in the local rocks. Due to its vastness, the Altai is divided into three parts:

- Ruský Altaj
- Mongolian Altai
- Gobijský Altaj

### Caucasus Mountains

The Caucasus is a massive mountain wall in southwest Asia between the Black and Caspian Seas, which measures 1,200 km in length. Some geographers consider its northern foothills or its main ridge to be the border between Europe and Asia. The Montes Caucasus is named after the Caucasus on the opposite side of the moon.

According to Greek mythology, Prometheus Diem, who was later liberated by Heracles, was hooked on this mountain.

## The highest mountain in Russia

Russia's highest mountain is Elbrus, which stretches north side of the Caucasus ridge. The Caucasus is a high mountain massif with a raw climate and almost untouched nature. Only great enthusiasts and climbers with a good physique and basic necessities for survival will look at the mountain. If you do not need to get to the top, there are many beautiful views from where you can see the untouched beauty of the Caucasian natural scenery.

### Elbrus

Elbrus is an inactive volcano with two peaks (western 5642 m above sea level and eastern 5621 m above sea level). The distance of both peaks is 1500 meters. The slopes of the volcano are covered with glaciers with a total area of 138 km2. According to some views on the management of the border between Europe and Asia, the peak of Elbrus is still in Europe, which would make it the highest mountain in Europe and replace the highest mountain Mont Blant with Elbrus.

On the south side of the mountain, a hotel of unusual shapes was built in 2013 at an altitude of 4,000 m above sea level.

Guide to Russia

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